{"id":9946,"date":"2020-04-01T10:13:46","date_gmt":"2020-04-01T07:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kadrandergi.com.tr\/?p=9946"},"modified":"2020-04-01T10:13:46","modified_gmt":"2020-04-01T07:13:46","slug":"muzikten-insanlik-ahlakina-bergsonla-kendiligimize-dair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/?p=9946","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fczikten \u0130nsanl\u0131k Ahl\u00e2k\u0131na Bergsonla Kendili\u011fimize Dair"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsan olman\u0131n esas\u0131nda bir toplum aidiyeti ger\u00e7e\u011fi vard\u0131r. Kendili\u011fimizin de bu \u00e7er\u00e7eve i\u00e7inde \u015fekillendi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fini tarih\u00ee ge\u00e7mi\u015fin tecr\u00fcbesi ve hali haz\u0131rdaki ger\u00e7eklik ile \u00f6\u011freniyor ve biliyoruz. \u0130nsan\u0131n kendi ferdiyetini tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ailesi ve toplum, bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck i\u00e7inde insan\u0131 sarar ve olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015fte tam burada insan\u0131 Hegelci bir okuma ile diyalektik okuma i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde ruh\/ide kendisini insan\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varolu\u015funda din, felsefe ve sanat \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flar. Ete kemi\u011fe b\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcp Yunus diye g\u00f6r\u00fcnen da\u011flar ile ta\u015flar ile, kendisine do\u011fada yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc insan ve onun k\u00fclt\u00fcrel d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flar. \u0130nsan bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve milliyet kavram\u0131 ile kendini idrak eder. \u0130\u015fte Bergson toplumun ferdiyetimize kaz\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131, bask\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yahut \u00f6\u011fretti\u011fi bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi kapal\u0131 ahlak i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Bir de insan a\u00e7\u0131k ahlak\u0131 vard\u0131r ki, orada merhamet ve sevgi ile kendi t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn t\u00fcm\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Birincinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ikinciye mani olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmelidir. Kendili\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrken \u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcze bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bakmak milli varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zla insani varolu\u015fumuzu birlikte ya\u015fatma imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ediyoruz. \u201c<strong><em>\u0130nsan\u0131n ilk ve temel ahlaki yap\u0131s\u0131 basit ve kapal\u0131 toplumlar i\u00e7indir. Di\u011fer ahlak do\u011fan\u0131n plan\u0131nda yoktur. bundan do\u011fan\u0131n zeka yoluyla toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n belirli bir geni\u015flemesini ama s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir geni\u015flemeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yorumunu \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yoruz. <\/em><\/strong><em>Henri Bergson, Ahlak<\/em><em>\u0131n ve Dinin \u0130ki Kayna\u011f\u0131, (\u00c7ev. M. M. Yakupo\u011flu), Ankara, 2017, s. 49<strong>\u201d. Toplumsal dayan\u0131\u015fmadan insan karde\u015fli\u011f<\/strong><\/em><strong><em>ine do<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u011fru yol al\u0131rken, b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fayla de\u011fil de belirli bir do\u011fayla ba\u011flar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kopar\u0131yoruz. <\/em><\/strong><strong>S. 50\u201d<\/strong> Topluma dair \u00f6devlerimiz yan\u0131nda insanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 olan ahlaki ger\u00e7e\u011fimizi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Bergson birincinin do\u011fam\u0131z \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken ikincinin onun bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. O, bizi, \u00f6devin d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karak, insanl\u0131\u011fa y\u00fcr\u00fcmemizde, heyecan kavram\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, ifade etti\u011fi bir duygu ve eylem halinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Yeni ahlaktan \u00f6nce, yeni metafizikten \u00f6nce, irade taraf\u0131ndan at\u0131l\u0131m halinde ve zekada a\u00e7\u0131klay\u0131c\u0131 tasar\u0131m halinde devam eden heyecan vard\u0131r <em>Bergson, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, <\/em>s. 43.\u201d \u201c<em>Hi\u00e7bir kurgu bir \u00f6dev veya ona benzeyen bir \u015fey yaratamaz; kuram\u0131n g\u00fczelli\u011fi \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir, her zaman bu kuram\u0131 kabul etmedi\u011f<\/em><em>imi s<\/em><em>\u00f6yleyebilirim; ve hatta kabul etmem bile, istedi\u011fim gibi davranmak \u00f6zg\u00fcr oldu\u011fumu ileri s\u00fcrebilirim. Ama orada heyecan ortam\u0131na girilmi\u015fse, bu ortam\u0131 solumu\u015fsam heyecan i\u00e7ime n\u00fcfuz ediyorsa, onunla ayaklan\u0131r ve ona g\u00f6re hareket ederim. Zorlamayla veya zorunlulukla de\u011fil, ama diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stermek istemedi\u011fim\u00a0 bir e\u011filim nedeniyle bunu yapar\u0131m.<\/em> <em>Bergson, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, s<\/em>. 42\u201d Kendili\u011fini bu arafta d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insan, oldu\u011fu ile olaca\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki mesafenin ne oldu\u011funu da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 beklenir. Kendili\u011fine bir heyecanla s\u0131cakl\u0131k kat\u0131p, yarat\u0131c\u0131 hamlelerle k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda o beklenen parlamalar\u0131 do\u011furacak zek\u00e2 ve faaliyetin duygu ve at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak mesuliyeti.<\/p>\n<p>Bergson ahlak\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken toplumsal ahlak olarak kendisini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn ve al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bir yap\u0131 ile kendi mensuplar\u0131nda y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcren bir pratik s\u00f6z konusu olur. Bu Bergson i\u00e7in kapal\u0131 ahlakt\u0131r (<em>Bergson, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, s<\/em>.30). Bergson i\u00e7in di\u011feri a\u00e7\u0131k ahlak diye bahsetti\u011fi yap\u0131d\u0131r. Kahraman\u0131n ve azizin vicdan\u0131nda \u015fekillene bu ahlak bir duygu, heyecan ve at\u0131l\u0131m ahlak\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yarat\u0131c\u0131 heyecan sevgi ve merhamet temellidir. \u201c<strong>Merhamet<\/strong> ona sahip olan ki\u015fide, d\u00fcnyada ba\u015fka bir canl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman bile varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrecektir. \u201cKapal\u0131 ahlak asl\u0131nda do\u011fa taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fa taraf\u0131ndan istenmi\u015ftir; a\u00e7\u0131k ahlak sonradan kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r; bir \u00e7aba gerektirmi\u015ftir ve her zaman bu \u00e7abay\u0131 gerektirmektedir (Bergson<em>, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, <\/em>s.35.)\u201d \u201cBask\u0131ya dair olan sadece kendini korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir toplum tasar\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r: Yerinde meydana gelerek kendisiyle birlikte bireyleri s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen dairesel hareket, al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla uzaktan i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn hareketsizli\u011fini taklit eder. Tamamen yerine getirildi\u011fi varsay\u0131lan bu saf \u00f6devler b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bilincini belirleyen duygu, ya\u015fam\u0131n normal i\u015flevine e\u015flik eden duyguya benzer bir ferdi ve toplumsal iyilik hali olacakt\u0131r. Aksine at\u0131l\u0131m ahlak\u0131nda bir geli\u015fim duygusu \u00f6rt\u00fck olarak bulunmaktad\u0131r. <em>S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc <\/em><em>etti<\/em><em>\u011fimiz heyecan, ileri do\u011fru y\u00fcr\u00fcme co\u015fkusudur<\/em>. (Bergson<em>, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, s<\/em>. 45.)\u201d Kendili\u011fimizin araf\u0131ndan kendimize bakarken bu co\u015fkunun ve heyecan\u0131n teorik bildiklerimizden bize ne kadar ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yahut bizi bir temess\u00fcl s\u00fcrecine g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek laz\u0131md\u0131r. Bir din b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr\u00fc yahut bir b\u00fcy\u00fck edebiyat eserini okumak bizi kendili\u011fimize ta\u015f\u0131maya kafi midir? Toplumumuzla dayan\u0131\u015fma duygumuz bizi bu noktada insanl\u0131k mesuliyetine ta\u015f\u0131yor mu? T\u00fcrklerin tarihin bu bak\u0131mdan kendi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakine hayat hakk\u0131 ve adalet vaat eden bir d\u00fczen sa\u011flarken mazinin abidelerinde buradaki manay\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcp hale aktarabiliyor muyuz? Kutadgu Bilig\u2019de kendili\u011fimizi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bah\u00e7esine devlet ve vatan eden milli akl\u0131m\u0131zla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda; \u0130yi nedir? \u0130yinin vasf\u0131 faydal\u0131 olmakt\u0131r; onun halka \u00e7ok faydalar\u0131 dokunur. O b\u00fct\u00fcn halka hep iyilik eder, fakat yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 insan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na kakmaz. Kendi istifadesini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmez, ba\u015fkas\u0131na fayda temin eder ve buna mukabil, bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k beklemez. Do\u011fruluk nedir? Bak, kimin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u2018ile s\u00f6yledi\u011fi bir olursa, i\u015fte do\u011fru insan odur, tespitlerini okudu\u011fumuzda bu bize \u00f6vg\u00fc ve vay be neymi\u015fiz \u00f6tesinde g\u00fcne dair bir ameli fayda sa\u011flam\u0131yorsa ne biz ondan\u0131z ne de o bizdendir. Kendi kendimizle k\u00fcresel bo\u011fu\u015fman\u0131n ortas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f\u0131z demektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bergson t\u00fcm s\u00f6ylediklerini duygu d\u00fcnyas\u0131na ge\u00e7i\u015f ve at\u0131l\u0131m noktas\u0131nda m\u00fczik \u00fczerinden enfes bir tespit eder. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n milli varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri m\u00fczik onlar\u0131n insani \u00f6z\u00fcndeki insanl\u0131k duygusunu da var edecek kudrettedir. \u201c<em>M\u00fczik sevinci, h\u00fczn\u00fc, merhameti, sempatiyi ifade etti\u011finde, biz hemen m\u00fczi\u011fin o an ifade etti\u011fi \u015fey oluruz. Yaln\u0131z biz de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda bir\u00e7oklar\u0131 da, hatta ba\u015fka herkes de b\u00f6yle etkilenir. <strong>M\u00fczik a\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, onunla birlikte a\u011flayan insanl\u0131kt\u0131r, b\u00fct\u00fcn do\u011fad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte, m\u00fczik bu duygular\u0131 i\u00e7imize sokmaz; m\u00fczik daha \u00e7<\/strong><\/em><strong><em>ok o s<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u0131rada oradan ge\u00e7enlerin dansa itilmesi gibi bizi o duygular\u0131n i\u00e7ine sokar. <\/em><\/strong><em>Ahlak\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcleri de b\u00f6yle davranm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Onlar i\u00e7in ya\u015fam\u0131n yeni bir senfonin verebilece\u011fine benzer, tasavvur edilemez duygusal yank\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r; daha sonra onu harekete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmemiz i\u00e7in bizi kendileriyle birlikte bu m\u00fczi\u011fin i\u00e7ine sokarlar.<\/em> (Bergson<em>, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, s<\/em>.36)\u201d K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde m\u00fczik ile ifade ve hissetmek olan T\u00fcrkler m\u00fcstakbele ge\u00e7erken t\u00fcrk\u00fcleri ve \u015farkl\u0131lar\u0131yla \u00e7ocuklar\u0131nda bir kendilik bilindi ve duygusu olu\u015fturacak e\u011fitimin neresindeler? Bergson\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201cDo\u011fa taraf\u0131ndan istenen ruh halleri belirli, yani s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 say\u0131dad\u0131r. Onlar gereksinimlere yan\u0131t veren eylemlerle itilmek i\u00e7in meydana getirilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131yla fark edilirler. Di\u011ferleri, aksine, m\u00fczisyendekilere benzeyen ve k\u00f6kenlerinde bir insan oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek bulu\u015flard\u0131r.\u00a0 (Bergson<em>, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, <\/em>s. 37)\u201d Sanat\u0131n, bilimin ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck yarat\u0131lar\u0131n k\u00f6keninde yeni bir heyecan var oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Bergson. Bu heyecan sadece uyar\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir, zek\u00e2y\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irir ve iradeye sebat etme g\u00fcc\u00fc de verir. s. 38. \u201c<em>Yaratma her \u015feyden \u00f6nce heyecand\u0131r. Deha \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu zaman, ifade edilemez zannedilen ve kendini ifade etmek isteyen kendi t\u00fcr\u00fcnde tek olan heyecandan do\u011far<\/em>. (Bergson<em>, Ahlak\u0131n ve Dinin, <\/em>s. 39-40.)\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fte buradan d\u00f6n\u00fcp Yunus Emre \u015fiirleri \u00fczerinden kendili\u011fimizi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek vakti gelmi\u015f demektir. Kendi milli \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, ana dilinin p\u0131nar\u0131ndan kaynayan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle insan\u0131n\u0131n d\u00e2hilinde yer alan ve insanl\u0131\u011fa kendini T\u00fcrk\u00e7e d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcren esasa gelip orada kal\u0131yoruz: <em>Bu t\u0131ls\u0131m\u0131 ba\u011flayan T\u00fcrl\u00fc dilde s\u00f6yleyen Y\u00f6re g\u00f6\u011fe s\u0131\u011fmayan S\u0131\u011fmu\u015fda bir can i\u00e7inde <\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u00c7ok arad\u0131m \u00f6zledim Yeri g\u00f6\u011f\u00fc arad\u0131m \u00c7ok arad\u0131m bulamad\u0131m Buldum insan i\u00e7inde. <\/em>\u0130\u015fte t\u00fcm bu s\u00f6zler \u00fczerinden kendili\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen i\u00e7in s\u00f6z\u00fcyle, ahengiyle ve manas\u0131yla bir heyecan ve at\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n insanl\u0131k duygusuna ba\u011flanan milli s\u00f6z\u00fc. Kendini arayan, varolu\u015funun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insan\u0131n y\u00fczle\u015fmesi gerekenlerden biri de toplum ve insanl\u0131k i\u00e7inden kendine bakarak \u00f6devlerine ve heyecanlar\u0131na d\u00e2hil ve dair olmakt\u0131r. Do\u011fan\u0131n onu kendine yabanc\u0131 k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da yabanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden kendini bilme, bi\u00e7imlendirme ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fma bir b\u00fcy\u00fck ruh ikliminde dinlenen bir m\u00fczikle varl\u0131ktan var olana d\u00f6nmek demek olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130nsan \u00f6nce mekanikle\u015fti \u015fimdi de sanalla\u015f\u0131rken kendili\u011fimize ferdiyetin toplum i\u00e7inde erdemlerle bezenmesiyle bizi insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n manas\u0131na ta\u015f\u0131yacak o yerden bakt\u0131ran k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fczle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gelecek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fi de\u011ferli k\u0131lacakt\u0131r. M\u00fczik ve sanat var olduk\u00e7a k\u00fcresel yoksunla\u015fma surda delik a\u00e7amayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsan olman\u0131n esas\u0131nda bir toplum aidiyeti&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":218,"featured_media":9947,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9946"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/218"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9946"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9946\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9946"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9946"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9946"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}