{"id":10814,"date":"2021-03-01T00:00:02","date_gmt":"2021-02-28T22:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/kadrandergi.com.tr\/?p=10814"},"modified":"2021-03-01T00:00:02","modified_gmt":"2021-02-28T22:00:02","slug":"ozbek-dilinin-son-yuzyildaki-degisimi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/?p=10814","title":{"rendered":"\u00d6zbek Dilinin Son Y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki De\u011fi\u015fimi"},"content":{"rendered":"

Uzmanlar \u00d6zbek dilinin milattan \u00f6nceki y\u0131llardan 10. asra kadar olan tarihine \u201ckadim\u00ee T\u00fcrk\u00ee dil\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verirler. O zamanlar halk edebiyat\u0131 ke\u015fifleri Orhun ve Enesoy yaz\u0131lar\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 11-14. as\u0131rlar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreyi \u201ceski T\u00fcrk\u00ee dil\u201d olarak belirtirler. Eski T\u00fcrk\u00ee dilde Mahmud Qoshgari \u201cDivan-u Lug\u2019atit-Turk\u201du, Yusuf Hos Hojip \u201cQutadg\u2019u Bilig\u201di, Ahmad Yugnakiy \u201cHibatul Haqoyik\u201di ve Rabg\u2019uziy \u201cQissai Rabg\u2019uziy\u201di yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 15. as\u0131rdan sonra kullan\u0131lan dile \u201ceski \u00d6zbek dili\u201d denmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 uzmanlarsa bu dilden \u201cChigatoy (\u00c7a\u011fatay) dili\u201d olarak bahsederler. Alisher Navoiy eserlerinde \u00d6zbek dilinden \u201cSharqi Turki\u201d ve Osmanl\u0131ca\u2019dan ise \u201cGarbi Turki\u201d diye bahseder. Chigatoy dili geli\u015fimine Atoyi, Sayfi Saroyi, Lutfiy, Alisher Navoiy, Bobur, Mashrab, Turdi, Maxmur, Gulxaniy, Muqimiy, Furqat, Zavqiy ve ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok ki\u015finin eserleri \u00e7ok katk\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eu anda devlet idarelerinde kullan\u0131lan \u00d6zbek\u00e7e, 1870\u2019teki \u201cTurkiston Viloyat gazeti\u201d yay\u0131n\u0131ndan itibaren geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu gazetede yay\u0131mlanan kararlar bug\u00fcne kadar devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Abdurauf Fitrat, Abdulla Avloniy, Ashurali Zohiriy gibi yazarlar dilin teorik temellerini olu\u015fturdular. G\u2018ozi Olim, E. D. Polivanov ve di\u011ferleri leh\u00e7eleri \u00f6\u011frenerek edeb\u00ee konu\u015fma dilinin herkes\u00e7e anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla dile yenilikler katt\u0131lar. A. Fitrat, A. Qodiriy, O. Usmon, A. Cholpon, U. Nosir gibi isimlerin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 eserler edeb\u00ee dilin geli\u015fmesine zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Misal olarak, 19. as\u0131rda Muhammad Karimxo\u2018jan\u2019\u0131n \u201cTurkcha qoidalar\u201d (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Kaideler), ls\u2019hoqxon Ibrat\u2019\u0131n \u201cLug\u2018at\u201d (Lugat), V. Nalivkin, N. Ostroumov ve di\u011fer \u00e2limlerin \u00d6zbek\/T\u00fcrk dilindeki akademik bask\u0131lar\u0131, 20. asr\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki A. Fitrat\u2019\u0131n \u201cSarf\u201d ve \u201cNahv\u201d, ve A. Zohiriy, Sh. Rahimiy, Q. Ramazon, Sh. Zunnun, Elbeklar\u2019\u0131n \u00d6zbek dili i\u00e7in yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f risale ve makaleleri 19-20. as\u0131rdaki bas\u0131n dilinin \u015fekillenmesinde \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck katk\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Bununla birlikte Rus\u00e7an\u0131n etkisini de unutmamak gerekir. Arap\u00e7adan Kiril alfabesine ge\u00e7ilmesinde Rus dilindeki Kiril harfleri esas al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve Rus\u00e7ada olmayan sesler i\u00e7in harflere ekleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus dilinin etkisi \u00e7o\u011funlukla kelime ve antroponimler olmu\u015ftur. Bahsi gecen yenilikler 1930\u2019lardan sonra yeni dil bilgisi olarak mekteplerin derslik program\u0131na eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n
  2. as\u0131rdan itibaren \u00c7ar Rusya\u2019s\u0131 ve sonra Sovyetlerle birlikte gelen siyasi, teknik, ilmi ve sanatsal eserlerin yerel dile terc\u00fcme edilmesi ile birlikte dile Rus\u00e7a kelimeler yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mesela, \u201cObysk\u201d, yani \u201ccontrol \/ arama\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki kelime i\u015fyerlerinde, \u00f6zellikle savunma bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kurumlarda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa kadar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayattan \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, \u201cvermishel\u201d (makarna), \u201cbotinka\u201d (s\u0131cak tutan ayakkab\u0131 veya k\u0131\u015f\u0131n giyilecek i\u015f ayakkab\u0131s\u0131), \u201csamovar\u201d (semaver), \u201clampochka\u201d (lamba) kelimeleri dile girmi\u015ftir. Bu kelimeler h\u00e2l\u00e2 dilimizde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ek bilgi olarak, 1980\u2019lerde \u00d6zbekistan\u2019daki halk\u0131n tahminen y\u00fczde sekseni iki dilde (Rus\u00e7a-\u00d6zbek\u00e7e) B2 ve yukar\u0131 seviyede konu\u015fabilmektedir. Teknik ve profesyonel i\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse, \u201ckartochka\u201d (karta: kredi kart\u0131 ve benzeri kartlar), \u201ckapusta\u201d (lahana), \u201ctractor\u201d (trakt\u00f6r), \u201cagronom\u201d (ziraat m\u00fchendisi), \u201cmehanik\u201d (mekanik), \u201czavod\u201d (zavod \/ fabrika)… Rus dili etkisi \u015fu anda da \u00e7ok\u00e7a hissedilmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u0130lk ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren(1991), \u00d6zbekistan\u2019da dili \u201c\u00d6zbekle\u015ftirme\u201d politikas\u0131 veya dildeki yabanc\u0131 kelimeleri \u00e7\u0131kartma faaliyetleri ba\u015flad\u0131. Dilin g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta aktif kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli medya kurulu\u015flar\u0131nda ana dile sevgi, vatan, millet gibi de\u011ferlere vurgu yap\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren Rus\u00e7an\u0131n resmi stat\u00fcs\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, Rus okullar\u0131nda reformlara gidilmi\u015ftir. Bu politikalar zamanla insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta daha \u00e7ok \u00d6zbek\u00e7e kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayarak, dile yeni girmi\u015f veya 1870-1930 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan dil reformundan \u00f6nceki kelimelerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Lenta.ru\u2019ya g\u00f6re 2015\u2019te \u00d6zbekistan\u2019da Rus\u00e7a bilenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 y\u00fczde otuz oran\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u015eimdi halk\u0131n y\u00fczde k\u0131rk biri her iki dili de B2 ve yukar\u0131 seviyede konu\u015fabiliyor. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015fe ra\u011fmen umulan sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00d6zbekistan\u2019daki bir\u00e7ok yazar itiraf etmekte. \u015eu anda \u00d6zbek\u00e7e iki standart yaz\u0131 \u015fekline sahiptir: 1) Latin harfleriyle \u00d6zbek\u00e7e. 2) Kiril harfleriyle \u00d6zbek\u00e7e. Sovyetler zaman\u0131ndan ta 1995\u2019lere kadar e\u011fitim alan \u00d6zbekistanl\u0131lar, Latin alfabesini kullanmada s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 \u00e7ekiyorlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin doktora gitti\u011finizde bile size re\u00e7eteyi Kiril alfabesi ile yazarlar ama hastane resmi formu Latin alfabesinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum devlet idarelerinde h\u00e2len daha ge\u00e7erli. Dil reformu zaman\u0131nda e\u011fitim almakta olanlar i\u00e7in de durum hi\u00e7 iyi say\u0131lmaz. \u015eimdiki e\u011fitim merkezlerinde yap\u0131lan tefti\u015flerde \u00f6\u011frencilerin iki dili de iyi bilmedikleri belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu durum devlet \u00fcniversitelerine girmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan s\u0131nav sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile de sabittir. Baz\u0131 uzmanlar ya\u015fanan bu dil karma\u015fas\u0131nda \u00d6zbek\u00e7edeki \u015fivelerin \u00e7ok olmas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n aktif kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da etkili oldu\u011funu ekliyorlar. Westminster International University\u2019nin Tashkent\u2019teki kamp\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nceden \u00d6zbek\u00e7e \u00f6\u011frenerek gelen bir profes\u00f6r BBC\u2019ye verdi\u011fi m\u00fclakatta \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBen \u00d6zbek\u00e7eyi \u00e7ok sevdi\u011fim bir \u00d6zbek hocadan C1 seviyesine kadar \u00f6\u011frenerek geldim ama Tashkent\u2019e geldi\u011fimde 6 ay \u00d6zbekleri hi\u00e7 anlamad\u0131m. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00f6\u011frendi\u011fim resm\u00ee \u00d6zbek\u00e7eyi unutmaya ba\u015flad\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k Tashkent \u015fivesini kullanmak zorunda kal\u0131yorum.\u201d<\/p>\n

    Son olarak dil uzmanlar\u0131na g\u00f6re dili Rus\u00e7adan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma politikas\u0131 \u00d6zbek\u00e7eyi de u\u00e7uruma s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

    \u015eimdi biraz de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f kelimelerden bahsedelim. \u00d6zbek\u00e7eye yeni kelimeler asl\u0131nda yeni eklenmemi\u015ftir. Cigatoy Turk\u00ee\u2019deki (\u00c7a\u011fatay T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi) kullan\u0131lan kelimeleri canland\u0131rmak ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rnekler: takomillashtirish (geli\u015ftirme), \u0131slohot (reform), qo\u2019shin (ordu), muvofiqlashtirish (koordinasyon), vazir (bakan) ve di\u011ferleri…<\/p>\n

    De\u011fi\u015fen ve de\u011fi\u015fmeyen kelimeler i\u00e7in baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    \u00d6nce<\/strong><\/td>\nSonra<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Zavod<\/td>\nKorhona (i\u015fyeri)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Stabil<\/td>\nTurg\u2019un, Istikror (istikrar)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lider<\/td>\nLider<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Prezident<\/td>\nPrezident<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Politika<\/td>\nSiyosat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Magazin<\/td>\nDo\u2019qon (d\u00fckk\u00e2n)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Oborona<\/td>\nMudofaa (savunma)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kartochka<\/td>\nKartochka (kart)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tapochki<\/td>\nShippak (terlik)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Reforma<\/td>\nIslohot<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Veterinariya<\/td>\nVeterinariya (veteriner)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Seleksiya<\/td>\nSeleksiya (se\u00e7im)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Organ<\/td>\nTashkilot (idare)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ministr<\/td>\nVazir (bakan)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Edit\u00f6r Notu: \u00d6zbek yazar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine h\u00e2kimiyeti yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan metin T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine uygun h\u00e2le getirilmi\u015f fakat ortalama bir T\u00fcrk okurun anlayabilece\u011fi, Latin alfabesiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00d6zbek\u00e7e \u00f6zel isimler ve kimi kelimeler orijinal h\u00e2lde b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Uzmanlar \u00d6zbek dilinin milattan \u00f6nceki y\u0131llardan…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":283,"featured_media":10788,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[67,53],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10814"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/283"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10814"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10814\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10814"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10814"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10814"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}