Orijinal ad\u0131: Vom Nutzen und Nachteil der Historie f\u00fcr das Leben Unzeitgem\u00e4\u00df Betrachtungen-2<\/p>\n
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE<\/p>\n
\u00c7eviren:Mustafa T\u00fczel<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul:T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, III.bas\u0131m,2019,101 sayfa.<\/p>\n
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Alman filozof Nietzsche Antik Yunan konusunda ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00e7ok erken ya\u015fta profes\u00f6r \u00fcnvan\u0131 almas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00f6revinden istifa ederek \u0130sve\u00e7\u2019te sakin ve yaln\u0131z bir hayat s\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201c\u0130yinin ve K\u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00d6tesinde, Trajedinin Do\u011fu\u015fu, Ahlak\u0131n Soy k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d <\/em>adl\u0131 eserlerinin yan\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaca en \u00e7ok bilinen \u201cB\u00f6yle Buyurdu Zerd\u00fc\u015ft\u201d<\/em> kitab\u0131 baz\u0131 kesimlerce neredeyse ilahi bir kitap de\u011feri g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve Nietzsche\u2019yi adeta bir peygamber stat\u00fcs\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirdi. Elimizdeki \u201cTarihin Ya\u015fam i\u00e7in Yarar\u0131 ve Sak\u0131ncas\u0131\u201d<\/em> adl\u0131 eser Nietzsche\u2019nin tarih filozofu olu\u015funun en somut kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Nietzsche, \u201c\u00c7a\u011fa Ayk\u0131r\u0131 D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler\u201d <\/em>\u00a0ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 d\u00f6rt eserden olu\u015fan \u201cTarihin ya\u015fam i\u00e7in yarar\u0131 ve yarars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde tarih felsefesini, kar\u015f\u0131 durdu\u011fu tarih \u00e7e\u015fitlerini ve filozoflar\u0131n\u0131 on b\u00f6l\u00fcmde i\u015flemi\u015ftir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini belirtirken benzetmelerden yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hayvanlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcc\u00fcn unutmak oldu\u011funu bu nedenle insanlar\u0131n hayvanlar\u0131 k\u0131skand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Ona g\u00f6re insan hayvanlardan feyz alarak unutmas\u0131 gerekenleri unutmal\u0131 gerekli olan olgular\u0131 ise zaman\u0131 gelince hat\u0131rlamal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan ancak onu yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131cak kendi tarihini herkesten \u00fcst\u00fcn g\u00f6rmesine neden olacak yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 bilgileri unutursa gelecek i\u00e7in ad\u0131m atabilir.<\/p>\n Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re bizi edilgenlikten kurtar\u0131p etken hale getiremeyen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi bizi yozla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte tarihin g\u00f6revi de tam olarak burada ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Tarih kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar i\u00e7erisinde d\u00fczen olu\u015fturmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve bizi etken duruma getirecek bilgiyi bize sa\u011flayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde tarihin bizzat kendisi hayat\u0131 zedeleyici unsur haline gelir. Oysaki Nietzsche tarihin hayat\u0131 bir \u00e7\u0131kmaza s\u00fcr\u00fcklemesiyle de\u011fil aksine hayata anlam katmas\u0131yla ilgilenir.<\/p>\n Tarihin \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcnden biri olarak belirtti\u011fi \u201can\u0131tsal tarih\u201d insan\u0131n kendi \u00e7evresinde bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnek ki\u015fileri, b\u00fcy\u00fck karakterleri ge\u00e7mi\u015fin hik\u00e2yelerinden bulup \u015fu anda yeniden ya\u015fatmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihtir. B\u00fcy\u00fck ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan tarih yapar ve hep o d\u00fc\u015flenir. Bu tarih yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n iyi niyetli ya da k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli erklerin elinde, toplumlar \u00fczerinde afyon niyetine kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bir di\u011fer t\u00fcr olan \u201cantikac\u0131 tarih\u201d ise Nietzsche\u2019nin felsefesinde e\u011fer ge\u00e7mi\u015fte kalm\u0131\u015f, duyumsanan ne varsa hepsi sayg\u0131de\u011fer kabul edilir ve bug\u00fcne ait olan yakla\u015f\u0131mlara kar\u015f\u0131 durulur, reddedilirse yozla\u015fma ba\u015flar. Antikac\u0131 tarih yoluyla ge\u00e7mi\u015fe ait her t\u00fcrl\u00fc olgu ve olaylar s\u00fczge\u00e7ten ge\u00e7irilmeden hayranl\u0131k duyulursa eskinin b\u00fct\u00fcn pislikleri kabul g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flar. Antikac\u0131 tarihin tek amac\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131 korumakt\u0131r ve yeni olan her\u015feyi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6r\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u201cEle\u015ftirel tarih\u201d yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda ise insan gelece\u011fi \u015fekillendirebilmek i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yeri geldi\u011finde mahkemeye \u00e7\u0131karmak zorundad\u0131r. Bizden \u00f6ncekilerin bir sonraki nesli olarak bizler ge\u00e7mi\u015fin hatalar\u0131n\u0131 ele\u015ftirdi\u011fimizde kendimizi bulur ve ya\u015fayabiliriz. Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re son iki yakla\u015f\u0131ma ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak an\u0131tsal tarih bir zaferle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131karsa yaln\u0131zca gelecek ya\u015fam\u0131m\u0131z de\u011fil ge\u00e7mi\u015fimiz de bundan k\u00f6t\u00fc etkilenir.<\/p>\n On b\u00f6l\u00fcmden olu\u015fan bu kitap verilmek istenen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi kendi ba\u011flam\u0131nda gayet a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir bi\u00e7imde anlatmaktad\u0131r. Ortaya konan yarg\u0131lar\u0131n, benzetmeler ve \u00f6rneklerle destekleni\u015fi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hegel\u2019in diyalekti\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 verilen m\u00fccadele de \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fte b\u00f6yle olmu\u015f i\u015fte\u201d<\/em>nin ahlaks\u0131zl\u0131k oldu\u011funu, \u201cb\u00f6yle olmal\u0131\u201d<\/em>n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi mezara t\u0131kmadan gelece\u011fe ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 net bir dille ifade edilmi\u015f. Tarih \u00f6\u011frencisinin y\u00f6ntemini incelerken olgunla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f zihinlerin \u00fcretmeye ba\u015flamalar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131nda en \u00e7ok tarihe zarar verdi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi malumun ilan\u0131d\u0131r. Giderek kal\u0131nla\u015fan kitaplar\u0131n i\u00e7erik olan fakirle\u015fmesi, ilerleme u\u011frunda at\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlar\u0131n hesaps\u0131z ve pervas\u0131z at\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 bilimi k\u00f6t\u00fc sona g\u00f6t\u00fcren en b\u00fcy\u00fck etkendir Nietzsche\u2019ye g\u00f6re. Tarih\u00e7inin en \u00e7ok bilineni hi\u00e7 duyulmam\u0131\u015f bir \u015feye d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylerken asl\u0131nda tarih\u00e7inin en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zelli\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ilerlemesi i\u00e7in romantik h\u00fclyalar yeterli de\u011fildir ilerleme i\u00e7in \u00e7abalamak \u015fartt\u0131r. Nietzsche tarihi \u00fc\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fcme ay\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra an\u0131tsal, antikac\u0131 ve ele\u015ftirel tarih yolunun kendi i\u00e7inde yozla\u015fmaya sebep olabilece\u011fini, ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sayg\u0131 duyarken ele\u015ftiriyi de elden b\u0131rakmamam\u0131z\u0131 \u00f6\u011f\u00fctlemektedir.<\/p>\n Nietzsche tarihin tekrara d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve olaylar\u0131n d\u00f6ng\u00fc i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011funu savunurken tekrar edenin tarihi olaylar de\u011fil \u201cOlgular\u201d oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini g\u00f6rmezden gelmektedir. \u0130\u015fte tam bu noktada Hegel\u2019e \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 duru\u015fu anlams\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015fmektedir. Tam tersi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olan Hegel ge\u00e7mi\u015fte bir olay\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini ve ya\u015fanan\u0131n o ge\u00e7mi\u015fte son buldu\u011funu savunur. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip son bulmu\u015f olan bu ge\u00e7mi\u015f tekrar ya\u015fanmayacakt\u0131r. Do\u011fada bir tekrar oldu\u011funu fakat tarihte yani insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n kendisinde bir tekrar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler Hegel. Nietzsche\u2019nin felsefesine g\u00f6re bir zamanlar ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f efsanevi kahramanlar\u0131n, kurulmu\u015f d\u00fcnya devletlerinin tekrar hayat bulaca\u011f\u0131 ve yeniden ayn\u0131 d\u00fczenin kurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek yeni bir Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu do\u011faca\u011f\u0131na inanmakt\u0131r. O zaman Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu tekrar y\u00fckselecek, ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnecek ve Fatih \u0130stanbul\u2019u ikinci kez fethedecektir. Gelecekte s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na ula\u015fabilecek bir topluluk meydana gelebilir hatta ikiye bile b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilir fakat bu olu\u015fum ne Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu olabilir ne de Fatih dirilip \u0130stanbul\u2019u tekrar alabilir.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan\u0131n hat\u0131rlamamas\u0131 gerekenleri unutmas\u0131 gereklili\u011fi ise gelece\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 bir ihanettir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fimizde olup biten ac\u0131 verici, y\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131 olaylar\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden gelinip unutulmas\u0131 ve sadece bizi iyi y\u00f6nde etkin hale getirecek bilgilerin hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 gelece\u011fi \u015fekillendirmek i\u00e7in y\u00fcr\u00fcnecek yoldaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsan unutma duyusuna sahip hayvanlar\u0131n huzur ve mutlulu\u011funu k\u0131skanabilir fakat bu s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en hayvanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015ften ders \u00e7\u0131karma zorunlulu\u011fu yoktur. Gelece\u011fi in\u015fa ederken kullan\u0131lacak en etkili yol ge\u00e7mi\u015fin hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kabullenerek tekrar edilmemelerini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve zay\u0131f y\u00f6nlerini kendi nezdimizde a\u00e7\u0131klamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z Nietzsche, tarihin hat\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve unutulmas\u0131 gereken y\u00f6nlerinin bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerken yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi ya\u015fama zarar verecek bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi savunmaktad\u0131r. Hegel\u2019in anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 do\u011frultusunda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve bitmi\u015f bir olay tekrar edemez yaln\u0131zca bu olay\u0131 olu\u015fturan sebepler yeniden meydana gelebilir. Zay\u0131f y\u00f6nlerinin yan\u0131nda tarih\u00e7inin olmas\u0131 gereken durumu ve y\u00f6ntemini \u00e7ok g\u00fczel bir bi\u00e7imde ifade etmi\u015ftir. Tarih\u00e7i kimli\u011fini kazanmak basite indirgendi\u011finde ve yetersiz insanlar\u0131n bu i\u015fe giri\u015fti\u011finde ya\u015fam yozla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Tarih\u00e7i bilinmeyeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131karma, bilineni daha etkili bir \u015fekilde yeniden meydana getirme yetisine sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Orijinal ad\u0131: Vom Nutzen und Nachteil…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":258,"featured_media":10389,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[55],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10387"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/258"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10387"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10387\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10387"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10387"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10387"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}