Sema Mat*<\/p>\n
Kitab\u0131n ad\u0131:Tarih H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131**<\/sup><\/p>\n Yazar\u0131n ad\u0131: Jack Goody<\/p>\n Bas\u0131m\u00a0 y\u0131l\u0131, yeri ve yay\u0131nevi:May\u0131s 2019, \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00c7eviren:G\u00fcl \u00c7a\u011fal\u0131 G\u00dcVEN<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131lard\u0131r k\u00fclt\u00fcr,bilim,demokrasi ve daha bir\u00e7ok alanda bat\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011fu ve b\u00fct\u00fcn k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel geli\u015fmelere \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ak\u0131llara kesin bir bilgi olarak yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir.Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bu denli \u00fcst\u00fcn ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi bilimsel ve toplumsal bilim alanlar\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapm\u0131\u015f bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 merkezli bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.Tarihin ilk d\u00f6nemlerinden itibaren kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ileti\u015fim ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f i\u00e7erisinde bulunan Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 medeniyetinin birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu d\u00fcnyas\u0131ndan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve bilimsel olarak \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu ve b\u00fct\u00fcn yenilik\u00e7i g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin bat\u0131dan do\u011fuya aktar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmak, bir nevi do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn tarihini \u00e7almak manas\u0131na gelmektedir.\u0130\u015fte bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunup bir kitap haline getiren Jack Goody eserini hakl\u0131 olarak \u2018\u2019Tarih H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019\u2019 olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Kitab\u0131nda do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten hangi noktalarda ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi konularda hangi taraf\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funu a\u00e7\u0131k ve net bir \u015fekilde dile getirmi\u015ftir.Bunu yaparken de baz\u0131 yerlerde bat\u0131l\u0131 bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n ko\u015fulsuz bir \u015fekilde do\u011fuyu g\u00f6rmezden gelmelerini sert bir dille ele\u015ftirdi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n Kitab\u0131n\u0131n giri\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde kitab\u0131n genel i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayarak ekonomi, ileti\u015fim y\u00f6ntemleri, barut kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 imha y\u00f6ntemlerinde iki k\u00fclt\u00fcr aras\u0131nda fazlaca benzerlik oldu\u011funu belirten Goody, bu konuyu destekleyen arg\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vurgulamay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinen \u2018\u2019oryantalist\u2019\u2019 varsay\u0131m\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden geldi\u011fini savunur. \u00dc\u00e7 ana ba\u015fl\u0131k ve bu ana ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 destekleyen alt ba\u015fl\u0131klarla kaleme al\u0131nan eserin ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u015femas\u0131 \u00e7izilerek Bat\u0131 blo\u011funun ni\u00e7in \u00fcst\u00fcn varsay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yazar\u0131n bu varsay\u0131ma verdi\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131 arg\u00fcmanlar yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde Avrupa merkezci tarih anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda duran, Avrupa ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ili\u015fkisini vurgulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6nemli insan\u0131n (Needham, Elias ve Braduel) bile bu varsay\u0131mlara \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etme yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015febilece\u011fini anlatmak istedi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz, Son b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise Avrupa \u015fehirlerinin, \u00fcniversitelerinin ve akademisyenlerinin bireycilik ve di\u011fer de\u011ferleri muhafaza ettikleri iddialar\u0131na cevap vermektedir.<\/p>\n \u0130lk ana b\u00f6l\u00fcmde \u2018\u2019Sosyo-K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Bir Soya\u011fac\u0131\u2019\u2019 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zaman hesaplamalar\u0131n\u0131 kendine mal etti\u011fini \u0130sa\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fumunu ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 kabul eden (Milat) Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcne\u015fi esas alan takviminin \u0130slami ve Budist toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n aya dayal\u0131 takviminden \u00fcst\u00fcn olan hi\u00e7bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir. Toplumlar\u0131n zaman\u0131 hesaplamada belirlemi\u015f olduklar\u0131 k\u0131staslar\u0131n din merkezli oldu\u011funu ve ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 olarak her toplumun kurtar\u0131c\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ki\u015finin hayat\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak ya da bir olguyu belirlediklerini a\u00e7\u0131klayan Goody, Bat\u0131l\u0131 zaman \u00e7izelgesinin di\u011fer toplumlar\u0131n \u00e7izelgelerinden daha mant\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019da geli\u015ftirilen mekanik saatlerin Do\u011fu\u2019da kullan\u0131lmaya ge\u00e7 ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131 Do\u011fu\u2019nun yenili\u011fe olan isteksizli\u011finden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcren bir k\u0131s\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 ise Bir d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131\u2019da Avusturya sefiri olarak g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f Busbecq\u2019in di\u011fer askeri icatlar\u0131 zaman kaybetmeden kullanmaya ba\u015flarken kitap basmaya ve saat kullanmaya ba\u015flamamalar\u0131n\u0131n nedenini kutsal de\u011ferlere zarar verece\u011fi korkusu olarak nakletti\u011fini g\u00f6stermemi\u015ftir. Yine bu konuyla ilgili yazar\u0131m\u0131z kitap basma ve zaman teknolojilerinde isteksiz olunmas\u0131n\u0131n zaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclememesi veya cehalette ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu arg\u00fcman\u0131n Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n zaman d\u00f6nemlendirmesini di\u011fer d\u00f6nemlendirmelerden daha \u00fcst\u00fcn yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Avrupa ve Asya aras\u0131nda ilk ayr\u0131ma yol a\u00e7an hadise Yunan-Pers sava\u015f\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda Yunan yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ilk konusuydu.Sava\u015f\u0131n galibi olan Yunanlar, \u00a0Persleri barbar olarak tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.Goody bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n ne Pers ne M\u0131s\u0131r ne de Akkad belgeleriyle do\u011frulanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tam tersine Perslerin \u00f6zellikle se\u00e7kinleri Yunanlar ile e\u015f de\u011fer d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011funu aktar\u0131r.Zaten Avrupa bir zaman sonra Asya\u2019dan gelen (\u00f6zellikle Hindistan) Hint-Avrupa dilleri konu\u015fan \u2018\u2019Aryan\u2019\u2019 yurdu haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Alfabe konusuna gelindi\u011finde ise Sami kabilelerin Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 istilaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile geli\u015ftirilen \u2018\u2019Grek Alfabesi\u2019\u2019ne bu kabilelerin etkisinin az\u0131msand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Sesli harfleri olmayan Sami yaz\u0131s\u0131 Arap\u00e7a ve Hint\u00e7enin geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunmu\u015ftur ve bu katk\u0131 Yahudilerin \u00fc\u00e7 temel dinin ana kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Eski Ahit\u2019i olu\u015fturmalar\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Fakat her \u015feyde oldu\u011fu gibi Samilerin bu alfabesi Greklerinkinden daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ve \u00f6nemsiz g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Kitab\u0131m\u0131zda ayn\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn devam\u0131nda sessiz harflerden olu\u015fan Sami Alfabesi\u2019nin M.\u00d6 1500\u2019lerden beridir Asya\u2019da var oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. M\u0131s\u0131r ve Mezopotamya uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 buna benzer alfabe ve yaz\u0131larla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hala merak ve heyecanla incelenen edebi \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00fcretmi\u015flerdir. Avrupal\u0131lar ise bu de\u011ferleri yine oryantal olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Arkaik d\u00f6nemden\u00a0 klasik Yunanistan\u2019a ge\u00e7i\u015fin en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6stergeleri aras\u0131nda Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019da yer alan saraylar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Yunanistan\u2019da ba\u015fta demokrasi olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 siyasal sistemler olu\u015fmas\u0131 vard\u0131r.Fakat yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklara bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Mezopotamya\u2019da merkezci yakla\u015f\u0131mlar kadar adem-i merkezi e\u011filimlerin de var oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.Yazar bu arg\u00fcmana \u00f6rnek olarak devlet itibar g\u00f6ren mallar\u0131 denetleyebiliyorken g\u00fcndelik e\u015fyalar \u00fczerinde bir tekel olu\u015fturamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn Avrupa ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00f6rkemli yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 konusunda da Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n belirleyici unsur olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Teknoloji ve kentsel olu\u015fum bir toplumun ilerlemesinin incelenebilece\u011fi alanlard\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda Greklerin kent kurmu\u015f olan tek toplum oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ise ge\u00e7ersizdir. \u0130n\u015faat\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran malzemelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen demirin hemen hemen her yerde bulunu\u015fu ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nem toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 derecede demire ula\u015fma imk\u00e2n\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Yani demirin demokrasiye olan katk\u0131s\u0131 Yunanistan i\u00e7in ne kadar ise Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu topluluklar\u0131 i\u00e7in de e\u015fit derecede olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Moses Finley\u2019e g\u00f6re Mezopotamya\u2019da \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri demokrasi \u00f6rnekleri oldu\u011funu kabul etse de bu \u00f6rneklerin di\u011fer toplumlar \u00fczerindeki etkisi kabul edilemezdi.\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6rneklerin var olu\u015fu demokrasi ad\u0131 verilen geli\u015fmi\u015f bir olgunun var olu\u015fu demek de\u011fildi ve demokrasi yaln\u0131zca Grekler taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015fti.Ayn\u0131 konuda Ibn Haldun\u2019a g\u00f6re ise kabile demokrasisi bir \u00e7ok yerde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.Goody ise bu konuyu \u015fu c\u00fcmleyle \u00f6zetlemektedir \u2018\u2019Grekler demokrasi kelimesini ke\u015ffetmi\u015flerdi, demokrasiyi de\u011fil.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda insan bedeni \u00fczerinde inceleme ve tedavi yapmak, insan bedeninin Tanr\u0131\u2019dan geldi\u011fi i\u00e7in kesilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sebebiyle yasak iken, Do\u011fu\u2019da Ba\u011fdat gibi \u015fehirlerde hastanelerde tedaviler yap\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Goody\u2019e g\u00f6re Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n t\u0131p d\u00fcnyas\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek katk\u0131 baz\u0131 Yunanca t\u0131p metinlerinin Latinceye \u00e7evrilmesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ticaret merkezlerinin Avrupa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131s\u0131 ise \u0130slami fetihlerden sonra \u0130spanya olmu\u015ftur. Kuzey Afrika ve \u0130spanya, Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn birle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 fetihlerden sonra ikinci en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6pr\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Goody, eserin ikici ana b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 hatr\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r yazar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine yer vermi\u015ftir. Bunlardan ilki olan Joseph Needham tam elli y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in bilimini belgelendirmek i\u00e7in harcam\u0131\u015f bir bilim insan\u0131d\u0131r. Yazar\u0131m\u0131z Needham\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz b\u00fcy\u00fck bilimsel geli\u015fmenin neden Do\u011fu\u2019da de\u011fil de Bat\u0131\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorusunu incelemektedir. Needham\u2019\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na g\u00f6re R\u00f6nesans kadar \u00c7in bilimi Bat\u0131 biliminden \u00f6ndeydi. Bunun nedeni olarak da Greklerin deneyi \u00e7ok fazla kullanmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 fakat \u00c7inliler deneylerini pratik ama\u00e7larla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmelerini vermektedir. R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00e7o\u011fu etken asl\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri bulunmaktayd\u0131 fakat yine de \u00c7in\u2019de bir R\u00f6nesans ya\u015fanmad\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci olarak ise sosyolog Norbert Elias\u2019\u0131n uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tamamen Avrupa\u2019ya mal etmesini sorgulamaktad\u0131r. Elias\u2019a g\u00f6re devletle\u015fmek modern topluma giden \u00f6nemli ad\u0131mlardan biriydi.Birey do\u011fal ya\u015fam\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a modernle\u015firdi.Bu ba\u011flamda Goody, Elias\u2019\u0131n bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne cevaben en basit \u00f6rnek ile Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temizlik ve y\u0131kanma konusunda Do\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7ok gerisinde oldu\u011funu vermektedir.Asl\u0131nda bir Roma icad\u0131 olan hamamlar\u0131n bir s\u00fcre sonra Bat\u0131\u2019da hastal\u0131k korkusu ve m\u00fcstehcenlik kayg\u0131s\u0131yla neredeyse yok oldu\u011funu fakat ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde Isfahan\u2019da 273 hamam oldu\u011fu bilgisini vermektedir.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc olarak ise Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7i Braduel Avrupa\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli devrim dam\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f i\u00e7kinin ke\u015ffedilmesiydi.Ve i\u00e7kinin ke\u015ffedildi\u011fi \u00e7a\u011fda \u00e7ay,kahve,tonik ve kakaonun da ke\u015ffini Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yler.Goody ise bu arg\u00fcmana cevaben \u00e7ay\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019den, kahvenin Arabistan\u2019dan, kakaonun ise Meksika\u2019dan geldi\u011fini yani bu i\u00e7eceklerin Avrupal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedildi\u011fini ancak icat edilmedi\u011fini savunur.Fakat Braduel bu i\u00e7ecekleri pazarlayan ve t\u00fcketen (kapitalizmin do\u011fu\u015fu ile) Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ke\u015ffetti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki iddialar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n Jack Goody eserinde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemini vurgulamak i\u00e7in H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcren baz\u0131 kesimlere H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Bat\u0131 Asya din \u00fc\u00e7lemesinden sadece biri oldu\u011fu ve bu \u00fc\u00e7 dinin de birbiriyle ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten geldi\u011fini cevap olarak verir.Tarih ve toplum bilimlerinde yap\u0131lan \u2018\u2019h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u2019\u2019 di\u011fer bilimleri de etkilemektedir.D\u00fcnyan\u0131n geri kalan\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirmek i\u00e7in uygulanan kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00f6ntemleri ise yetersiz kalmakta ve sadece Avrupal\u0131 birka\u00e7 eserin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ibarettir.Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 daha da ileri giderek duygular\u0131 da Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n ke\u015ffetti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.A\u015fk\u0131 icat ettiklerini s\u00f6yledikleri trubadurlar ise Arap-\u0130spanyol kom\u015fular\u0131ndan \u015fiirsel olarak destek g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Goody kitab\u0131n\u0131n son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise genel olarak kitab\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Bunu a\u00e7\u0131klarken de amac\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya tarihi yazmaktan \u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerin d\u00fcnya tarihini kavrama \u015feklini sorgulamak oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Do\u011fu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn Bat\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne olan katk\u0131s\u0131 ve benzerli\u011fi yok say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n biricikli\u011finin ve m\u00fckemmelli\u011finin me\u015frula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylerken bunun ayn\u0131 zamanda bu tutumun Avrupa k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne zarar veren bir tutum oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir.<\/p>\n Sema Mat* Kitab\u0131n ad\u0131:Tarih H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131** Yazar\u0131n…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":258,"featured_media":10194,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[67,53],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10193"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/258"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10193"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10193\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kadrandergi.com.tr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n*\u00a0Bolu\u00a0 Abant \u0130zzet Baysal \u00dcniversitesi,Fen Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi,Tarih.<\/em><\/h6>\n
**<\/sup><\/em>The Theft of History,Jack Goody.<\/em><\/h6>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"